Lisinopril is a prescription medication used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and to improve survival after a heart attack. It belongs to a class of drugs called ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors.
Uses
Lisinopril is used for several cardiovascular conditions:
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High blood pressure (hypertension): It is a first-choice medication for lowering blood pressure in adults and children over six.
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Heart failure: It is used as an add-on treatment to help the heart pump blood more efficiently throughout the body.
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Heart attack: It is prescribed to improve survival rates after a heart attack.
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Diabetic kidney disease: It is used to protect the kidneys by slowing down the progression of the disease.
Mechanism of action
As an ACE inhibitor, lisinopril works by blocking the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This action has several effects that benefit the heart and blood vessels:
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Vasodilation: It relaxes and widens the blood vessels, allowing blood to flow through them more easily.
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Reduced fluid retention: It lowers the levels of the hormone aldosterone, which leads to the body getting rid of more salt and water.
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Reduced workload on the heart: By widening the blood vessels, lisinopril makes it easier for the heart to pump blood, which reduces its overall workload.
Dosage
Lisinopril is taken orally, usually once a day, with or without food. The dosage varies depending on the condition being treated and the patient's age and weight.
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Typical starting dose for high blood pressure (adults): 10 mg once a day, with a typical maintenance dose of 20 to 40 mg daily.
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For heart attack (adults): The initial dosage is often 5 mg, followed by 10 mg daily for at least six weeks.
Potential side effects
Common side effects of lisinopril can include:
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Dizziness or lightheadedness
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Headache
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A persistent, dry cough
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Nausea and tiredness
More serious, but less common, side effects include:
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Angioedema: Serious swelling of the face, throat, tongue, or lips. This is a medical emergency.
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High potassium levels: This can lead to irregular heartbeat.
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Kidney or liver problems: Symptoms may include fatigue, swelling, or yellowing of the skin.
Warnings and precautions
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Pregnancy: Lisinopril should not be used during pregnancy, as it can harm the fetus.
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Kidney function: Kidney function should be monitored regularly with blood tests, particularly in patients taking the medication long-term.
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Drug interactions: Patients should inform their doctor of all other medications, supplements, or dietary changes, especially those that can affect blood pressure or potassium levels.
